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Ecology and long-term land-use, palaeoecology and archaeology – the usefulness of interdisciplinary studies for knowledge-based conservation and management of cultural landscapes
Mons Kvamme, Kari Hjelle, Trond Lødøen
Natural and cultural heritage management is dependent on knowledge about present species and habitats and presence of cultural heritage sites, respectively. Knowledge about long-term development helps to identify factors explaining both biodiversity and cultural heritage and to predict future changes based on changes in, for example, climate or grazing regimes. In the present interdisciplinary study, vegetation surveys, pollen analysis from a bog and soil profiles within archaeological localities, archaeological test-excavations and historical data have been combined to elucidate cultural landscape development in an upland landscape of Erdalen in Stryn, western Norway. Activity in what is now the summer farm area started in the Bronze Age, followed by clearance and grazing in the Early Iron Age. After a period of reduced activity, most of the valley seems to have been utilised for summer farming in the Late Iron Age and first part of the Medieval Period. A regression period, probably related to the Black Death, is followed by new activity with extensive woodland clearings from the seventeenth century, whereas recent changes have resulted in increased tree cover. The investigations show a close relationship between land-use practices, presence of grassland species and vascular plant species richness. They also show the importance of continued management for existence of semi-natural habitats in the future, and for the visibility of archaeological sites. Keywords: archaeology; cultural landscape development; long-term ecology; habitat conservation; palaeoecology; summer farming
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INTRODUCTION LAC2010: First International Landscape Archaeology Conference
Erika Guttmann-Bond
2012
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Planted, Designed and Managed Landscapes – A Review of Finnish Garden Archaeology from an Archaeobotanical Perspective
Teija Alanko
Garden history has primarily been studied in Finland through historical sources, with archaeology playing a lesser role, although its importance has been noted. The aims of this paper are to review garden archaeological research in Finland in the context of garden archaeology and garden history research in general, to demonstrate a selection of research methods in garden archaeology, and to present research results from the 19th century garden in Lahti in Finland. A garden is here defined as a bordered and cultivated area forming a specific ecological system, specific to the culture in question. Gardens have been reflections of their eras, economic situations, and climatic periods. They have influenced and been influenced by political power, the development of science, journeys of exploration, and globalisation. Many different historical sources, such as letters, accounts, maps, and paintings have been used to study garden history. Methods used in garden archaeology include non-destructive techniques, excavations, and various scientific methods. Although the Finnish examples of garden archaeology are limited, several Scandinavian and British examples prove that archaeology can be significant in garden history studies and the restoration of historic gardens. For example, evidence of gardening was found during archaeological excavations in 2013 at the historical village of Lahti in Finland. During these excavations, a vegetable garden with intact planting beds was found. The planting beds were studied archaeobotanically, but the results did not reveal either plant residues or visible fertilizers. The lack of information, concerning especially the oldest garden sites, presents a challenge for comprehensive interpretations. The problem could be solved at least partly through archaeological and archaeobotanical research. Garden history is such a wide field that all relevant disciplines and aspects should be involved in a collaboration to form a whole.
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FROM ARCHAEOLOGICAL PASTS TO LIVING LANDSCAPES
Anna Maria Stagno
The management of archaeological and historic environment assets increasingly articulates with other tools which seek to deliver more sustainable rural landscape management. A range of landscape scale planning and management tools are currently being applied in Europe including Biosphere Reserves, Ecomuseums, Landscape Observatories, Landscape Partnership Schemes, Landscape Plans, Landscape Programmes and World Heritage Sites. We wish to critically explore how archaeology, historic environment and cultural heritage currently sit within such tools: • How are archaeological, historic environment and cultural heritage assets weighted and prioritised (e.g. in contrast to ecological or social values)? • What opportunities does archaeology and historic environment offer for sustainable economic development in rural landscapes? • How can archaeological (and historical ecological) research help to historically characterize environmental resources management practices, based on local actors and local knowledge, to offer new tools for management of rural areas? • What are the benefits and challenges of living traditions and heritage produce in sustaining resilient cultural landscapes? • What opportunities do archaeological assets provide for building broader sustainability and legacy? • Are there examples of past land tenure and stewardship from which lessons (both negative and positive) can be learnt in future management of landscapes? • How successfully have communities been engaged and involved in the development and delivery of such tools? • How successful have such landscape planning and management tools been at creating legacies and sustainable approaches to more integrated landscape management? We welcome papers which address some of the questions above, either through case studies on experiences, broader critical reflection on landscapes management policy and tools, or by exploring opportunities for future innovation.
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Landscape archaeology at the LAC2010 conference
Brigitta Schütt, Sjoerd Kluiving, Frank Lehmkuhl
Quaternary International, 2012
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Archaeology, ecological history, and conservation
Frances Hayashida
Annu. Rev. Anthropol., 2005
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A. Zimmermann/ K.P. Wendt/ Th. Frank/ J. Hilpert, Landscape Archaeology.
Karl Peter Wendt, Andreas Zimmermann, Johanna Hilpert
Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 75, London u.a. 2009, 1-53
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An Archaeology of Landscapes: Perspectives and Directions
Richard Wilshusen
Journal of Archaeological Research, 2001
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Archaeological Implications of Landscape Ecology
Andrew Malof
An overview of landscape ecology theory is presented and applied to archaeological methodologies. Landscape ecology is a method that allows humans to be fully integrated into the natural world, and therefore subject to natural laws. Distributional archaeology is presented as a method by which to approach the theoretical constructs. Such applications have far-reaching implications for the concepts of significance within the CRM field.
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Being in the woodlands: archaeological sensibility and landscapes as naturecultures
Dawid Kobiałka
Polish Journal of Landscape Studies, 2019
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